On Target

The ethnic core of the MCP was Malayan Chinese who, after an initial campaign of terror, expected to mobilise support for their revolutionary cause from the ethnic Malayan Chinese and the rural ethnic Malay population following which, the MCP expected to escalate to widespread insurgency warfare, sufficient to destabilise and overthrow the incumbent government. The revolutionary strategy was in keeping with similar campaigns under way in Indochina against the French, and in China against the Kuomintang government.

Initially, the Federation of Malaya – a federation of the nine Malay British protectorates and of the two Straits Settlements of Malacca and Penang, both British colonies – was slow to respond to the MCP threat although that changed, especially after the assassination of the British High Commissioner, the head of the Federation of Malaya, on October 6 1951. From then on, Britain oversaw a ‘whole of government’ response to the MCP threat; a response which is now widely regarded as an essential case study for any student of counter insurgency warfare.

In 1950, Australia responded to a British request for assistance by deploying six RAAF Lincoln heavy bombers and eight RAAF C-47 Dakota transports to the region: No 1 Squadron to RAF Base Tengah, Singapore and No 38 Squadron to RAF Base Changi, Singapore.

Air support is a key capability in counter insurgency warfare and No 38 Squadron quickly filled an essential role in transporting troops resupplying deployed troops, often by parachute into small drop zones, and psychological operations. The contribution of the RAAF Dakotas during the initial phases of the Emergency was critical and it is a contribution that has generally not been well-acknowledged. The Dakotas returned to Australia in 1953.

The Lincolns also made a strong contribution to the Emergency with their ability to carry up to 14 1,000lb bombs. With its endurance, payload and high capacity British-heritage 1,000lb blast and fragmentation bombs, the Lincoln was well-suited to the tropical jungle operational environment. While few communist terrorists – CTs as they were called – were killed directly by the air strikes, they kept the CT groups on the move where they and their camps were more likely to be detected and engaged by deployed troops and police.

The Lincolns returned to Australia in 1958 having dropped 85 per cent of the 35,000 tonnes of bombs used in the Emergency.

By the time of No 1 Squadron’s return to Australia there was widespread recognition the counter insurgency war was being won, although such wars take patience and endurance until they grind to a close. Indeed, although the Malayan Emergency was declared ended on July 31 1960, RAAF personnel at Butterworth continued to receive intelligence briefings on CT activities and threats into the 1970s, and some would recall watching flights of RMAF Canadair Tebuan jet trainers, each armed with two 500lb Mk 82 bombs, departing Butterworth to strike CTs operating in the “border areas” not too far from Butterworth.

Apart from RAAF involvement in the Malayan Emergency, Australia also rotated battalions from the Royal Australian Regiment through Malaya, ensuring an Australian infantry battalion was continuously in theatre from 1957 to 1963. The Emergency was also noteworthy in that on August 31 1957, during the conduct of the Emergency, the Federation of Malaya became an independent nation, and remained on amicable terms with Britain, its former colonial power.

During the Emergency, Australian air and ground forces in Malaya transitioned into Australia’s contribution to the British Commonwealth Far East Strategic Reserve which was established in 1955 to deter external communist aggression against countries in South- East Asia, especially Malaya and Singapore.

Air Vice-Marshal Brian Weston (ret’d) is a board member of the Sir Richard Williams Foundation